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Article History

Received: 17 October 2025

Accepted: 16 January 2026

First Online: 15 May 2026

Competing interests

: AS is PI on Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research Centre grant from Asthma + Lung UK. MLL has received payments from publishers Taylor Francis and from Class Publishing for books; consulting fees from Smart Respiratory; Respiri; Imperial College, AstraZeneca, Novartis, and TEVA; speaker/writing fees from Chiesi, AstraZeneca, TEVA, and honoraria for manuscript writing and educational events from Consorzio Futuro in Ricerca; fees for expert testimony from HM Coroner, Waltham Forrest, London; support to attend meetings from TEVA; and has held leadership roles (all unpaid) in Global Initiative on Asthma (GINA) and NHS England, and advisor for the UK All Party Parliamentary Advisory Group (Asthma, COPD and Allergy). RH reports grants/research support from AstraZeneca; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC), North Thames at Bart’s Health NHS Trust and Asthma UK (AUKCAR); Honoraria/consultation fees: AbbVie, Amgen, Astellas,AstraZeneca, Biogen, Erasmus, Idec, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Merck Sharp Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Shire Pharmaceuticals, TEVA. Founder and shareholder of a UCLBusiness company (Personia Health). All other authors have nothing to disclose.