Document is current

Article History

Received: 22 September 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 24 February 2026

Competing interests

: Author OU reports grants from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer, Ingelheim, Chiesi, and GlaxoSmithKline and consultancy fees, or speaker fees from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer, Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Mundipharma, Sandoz, Takeda, Cipla, Covis, Novartis, Orion, Menarini, UCB, Trudell Medical, Deva and Kamada. Additionally, he holds a leadership or fiduciary role as Assembly 5 Head – European Respiratory Society 2020-2023, President of the International Society of Aerosols in Medicine, and Chair of the UK inhaler group. Author NR reports grants or contracts from GlaxoSmithKline, Chiesi and Pfizer paid to institution and consulting or speaker fees, or support for attending meetings from GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Chiesi, Pfizer, Austral, Biosency, Zambon, Roche, MSD, and Menarini. Author JFMVB is a current associate editor of npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine and had no role in the peer-review or decision to publish this manuscript. JFMVB reports grants or contracts from Aardex, AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Novartis, Pfizer, Trudell Medical paid to institution and consulting fees from ALK-Abello, AstraZeneca, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Sanofi, Teva, and Vertex paid to institution. Author JS reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca and Chiesi, support for attending meetings and/or travel from Chiesi and EAG, and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Chiesi, AstraZeneca, Trudell, NAPP, Let’s Talk Respiratory, NIP, CBM Communications, Cogora, Mundipharma, and MIMS. Author JMP has a leadership or fiduciary role as Chair of the Nurses Group at the European Respiratory Society, and Chair of the Nurses Group at Portuguese Society of Pneumology. Author TW has received speaker/advisor fees for AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, MSD, Novartis, Roche & Sanofi Regeneron. Furthermore, she is the President of the Global Allergy & Airways Patient Platform which receives funding for unbranded disease awareness, education, advocacy & research. Author AS reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from AstraZenecaAuthor JPB owns stock in AstraZeneca and is an employee of AstraZeneca. Author AL owns stock in AstraZeneca and is an employee of AstraZeneca.Author AE owns stock in AstraZeneca and is an employee of AstraZeneca.Author HW is employed by Petauri Evidence who received consultancy fees from AstraZeneca to support in designing and conducting the study and preparing the manuscript. Author ABT was previously employed by Petauri Evidence who received consultancy fees from AstraZeneca to support in designing and conducting the study and preparing the manuscript. Author CF is employed by Petauri Evidence who received consultancy fees from AstraZeneca to support in designing and conducting the study and preparing the manuscript.Author NF is employed by MHP group who received consultancy fees from AstraZeneca to support with preparing the manuscript. Author JK is a IPCRG board member and past associate editor of npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine and had no role in the peer-review or decision to publish this manuscript. JK also reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from AstraZeneca, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants and personal fees from Chiesi, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from GSK, non-financial support from Mundi Pharma, grants and personal fees from Teva, personal fees from MSD, personal fees from COVIS Pharma, personal fees from ALK-Abello, grants from Valneva outside the submitted work; and Janwillem Kocks holds <5% shares of Lothar Medtec GmbH and 72.5% of shares in the General Practitioners Research Institute.