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Article History

Received: 12 February 2026

Accepted: 22 May 2026

First Online: 8 June 2026

Competing interests

: J.D. Chalmers reports grants or contracts from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Grifols, Novartis, Insmed, and other industry partners; and consulting or personal fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GSK, Insmed, Novartis, Janssen, Zambon, Antabio, and others, outside the submitted work.S. Aliberti reports receiving research grants and institutional funding from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Insmed, Zambon, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Menarini, and Pfizer; and personal fees or advisory board honoraria from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, GSK, Insmed, Zambon, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Menarini, and Pfizer, outside the submitted work.. Kochs reports receiving research funding from Insmed, Zambon, Chiesi, Novartis, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Menarini, and Boehringer Ingelheim; and personal fees or advisory board honoraria from Insmed, Zambon, Chiesi, Novartis, AstraZeneca, GSK, Menarini, and Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work.FM has received personal fees or advisory board honoraria from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, GSK, Insmed, Trudell and Viatris.