Zhang, Bingzhi
Liu, Junyu
Jiang, Liang
Zhuang, Quntao
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Pittsburgh
In- ternational Business Machines (IBM) Quantum through the Chicago Quantum Exchange
AFOSR (MURI (FA9550-21-1-0209))
ARO (W911NF- 23-1-0077, W911NF-21-1-0325)
Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-19-1-0399, FA9550-21-1-0209, FA9550- 23-1-0338)
National science foundation (OMA-1936118, ERC-1941583, OMA- 2137642, OSI-2326767, CCF-2312755)
NTT Researc
David and Lucile Packard Foundation (2020-7147)
Marshall and Arlene Bennett Family Research Program
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, National Quantum Information Science Research Centers
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (CCF-2240641, 2330310, 2350153 and OMA-2326746)
DARPA (HR00112490453)
Article History
Received: 25 January 2025
Accepted: 15 July 2025
First Online: 6 August 2025
Competing interests
: J.L. is an associate editor of npj Quantum Information, but were not involved in the editorial review of, or the decision to publish this article. All other authors declare no competing interests.