Qin, Zhen
Lukens, Joseph M.
Kirby, Brian T.
Zhu, Zhihui
Funding for this research was provided by:
Division of Computing and Communication Foundations (2241298, 2241298)
Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (2409701, 2409701)
U.S. Department of Energy (ERKJ432, ERKJ432)
Article History
Received: 6 January 2025
Accepted: 15 August 2025
First Online: 2 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.