Yin, Zechuan
Welter, Justin J.
Hart, Connor A.
Petruzzi, Paul V.
Walsworth, Ronald L.
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Army Research Laboratory (W911NF2420143, W911NF2420143, W911NF2420143)
U.S. Army Research Office (W911NF2120110, W911NF2120110, W911NF2120110)
U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550- 22-1-0312, FA9550- 22-1-0312, FA9550- 22-1-0312)
Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation (7797.01, 7797.01, 7797.01)
Article History
Received: 3 June 2025
Accepted: 26 October 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Competing interests
: R.L.W. is a founder of and advisor to companies that are developing and commercializing NV sensing technology. These relationships are disclosed to and managed by the University of Maryland Conflict of Interest Office. These companies did not have any relationship with this study.