Chen, Min
Cheng, Jinglei
Li, Pingzhi
Wang, Haoran
Chen, Tianlong
Liu, Junyu
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Pittsburgh
Amazon
College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina
OpenAI
Article History
Received: 11 August 2025
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 15 February 2026
Competing interests
: J.L. is an associate editor of npj Quantum Information , but was not involved in the editorial review of, or the decision to publish this article. All other authors declare no competing interests.