Karkanitsa, Maria L.
Wang, Raymond M.
Lyons, Anne C.
Mesfin, Joshua M.
Chen, Alexander
Spang, Martin T.
Quintero, Filiberto
Sadtler, Kaitlyn
Hepokoski, Mark
Christman, Karen L.
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL105373, T32HL105373, 5R01HL165232)
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (T32EB009380)
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (BX006238)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK136756)
California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (DISC2COVID19-12007)
National Institutes of Health (S10 OD026929)
Article History
Received: 22 July 2025
Accepted: 14 September 2025
First Online: 31 October 2025
Competing interests
: K.L.C. is a co-founder, board member, and consultant for, and holds equity interest and receives income from Ventrix Bio, Inc. All other authors have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper.