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Article History

Received: 8 January 2025

Accepted: 10 April 2025

First Online: 28 April 2025

Competing interests

: ST and CRF are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim. SK, JM and MC are employees of IQVIA contracted by Boehringer Ingelheim to conduct the analyses and/or interpret the results, as well as write, review, and revise the manuscript. CB has no competing interests to declare. HG is a full-time employee of Cenexel CNS. JTK has received consulting payments within the last 24 months from Alphasights, CME Outfitters, Evoke, S.R. One, techspert.io, Third Bridge, MEDACorp, Marketplus, FCB Health, Trinity, Clearview, Clarivate, Health Advances, ECRI Institute, ExpertConnect, Slingshot, Antheum, Guidepoint, First Thought, VMLY&R, Bluestar BioAdvisors, Jefferies, and Medscape. He has also served on Leal advisory board in the past 24 months. He has conducted clinical research supported by the NIMH, Sunovion, Roche, Click, Neurocrine, Taisho, and Boehringer Ingelheim within the last 24 months. He owns a small number of shares of common stock from GSK. LS is a consultant for Boehringer Ingelheim and Johnson & Johnson, a speaker for Axsome, BMS and Johnson & Johnson. JS has received research grants for clinical trials paid to Uptown Research Institute, AbbVie, Alto, Biohaven, Bioxcel, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cerevel, Clexio, Click, Compass, Corcept, Cybin, Eli Lilly, Intracellular, Luye, Lyndra, LB, Otsuka, Karuna, Merck, MindMed, Neurocrine, Roche, Sunovion, Teva, Transcend. PDH receives consulting income from Alkermes, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Karuna Therapeutics, Minerva neurosciences, Merck, and WCG, and received royalties from the BACS. RK receives consulting income from Kynexis, Merck, WCG, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Neurocrine, Gedeon-Richter, Novartis, Vandria, Damona, Karuna-BMS, and received royalties from the BACS.