Document is current

Article History

Received: 5 February 2025

Accepted: 1 September 2025

First Online: 17 October 2025

Competing interests

: AGir is an employee of Parexel, and MR and KR were employees of Parexel at the time of the study. Parexel was contracted by Boehringer Ingelheim to conceptualise the study, write the protocol and discussion guide, conduct the interviews, analyse and/or interpret the results, as well as write, review and revise the manuscript. CUC has been a consultant and/or advisor to or has received honoraria from: AbbVie, Alkermes, Allergan, Angelini, Aristo, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Cardio Diagnostics, Cerevel, CNX Therapeutics, Compass Pathways, Darnitsa, Delpor, Denovo, Eli Lilly, Eumentis Therapeutics, Gedeon Richter, Hikma, Holmusk, IntraCellular Therapies, Jamjoom Pharma, Janssen/J&J, Karuna, LB Pharma, Lundbeck, MedInCell, MedLink, Merck, Mindpax, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Maplight, Mylan, Neumora Therapeutics, Neuraxpharm, Neurocrine, Neurelis, Newron, Noven, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, PPD Biotech, Recordati, Relmada, Reviva, Rovi, Saladax, Sanofi, Seqirus, Servier, Sumitomo Pharma America, Sunovion, Sun Pharma, Supernus, Tabuk, Takeda, Teva, Terran, Tolmar, Vertex, Viatris and Xenon Pharmaceuticals. He provided expert testimony for Janssen, Lundbeck and Otsuka. He served on a Data Safety Monitoring Board for Compass Pathways, IntraCellular Therapies, Relmada, Reviva and Rovi. He has received grant support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen and Takeda. He received royalties from UpToDate and is also a stock option holder of Cardio Diagnostics, Kuleon Biosciences, LB Pharma, Medlink, Mindpax, Quantic and Terran. AGold has no competing interests to declare. RK receives consulting income from Kynexis, Merck, WCG, Boehringer Ingelheim, Neurocrine, Gedeon-Richter, Novartis, Vandria, Damona and received royalties from the BACS. ST, CH, and CRF are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim.