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Article History

Received: 18 October 2025

Accepted: 6 February 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Competing interests

: A.M. received advisory board or consultant fees from the following drug companies outside the submitted work: Angelini, Rovi Pharma, and Boehringer Ingelheim. C.A. has been a consultant to or has received honoraria or grants from Abbot, Acadia, Ambrosetti, Angelini, Biogen, BMS, Boehringer, Carnot, Gedeon Richter, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Medscape, Menarini, Minerva, Otsuka, Pfizer, Roche, Rovi, Sage, Servier, Shire, Schering Plough, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Sunovion, Takeda, and Teva. C.A. has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), co-financed by the European Union, ERDF Funds from the European Commission, “A way of making Europe”, financed by the European Union—NextGenerationEU (PMP21/00051), PI19/01024. PI22/01824 CIBERSAM, Madrid Regional Government (B2017/BMD-3740 AGES-CM-2), European Union Structural Funds, European Union Seventh Framework Program, European Union H2020 Program under the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking: Project PRISM-2 (Grant agreement No.101034377), Project AIMS-2-TRIALS (Grant agreement No 777394), Horizon Europe, the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number 1U01MH124639-01 (Project ProNET) and Award Number 5P50MH115846-03 (project FEP-CAUSAL), Fundación Familia Alonso, and Fundación Alicia Koplowitz. B.E. is part of the Advisory Board of Boehringer Ingelheim, Lundbeck Pharma A/S, and Orion Pharma A/S; and has received lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Otsuka Pharma Scandinavia AB, and Lundbeck Pharma A/S. I.B. received consulting fees from Gedeon Richter and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen/Janssen-Cilag; speaker’s honoraria from Gedeon Richter, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson/Janssen/Janssen-Cilag, KRKA, Lundbeck, Medichem Pharmaceuticals Inc. by Unilab and Newron; received research grants from Gedeon Richter; royalties from Oxford University Press. M.D. is the Chief Medical Officer of Minerva Neurosciences. J.T. has participated in research projects funded by grants from Janssen, EU/Forte, Finnish State Research Funding, and Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation to his employing institutions; he has served as a consultant to HealthCare Global Village, Janssen, Lundbeck, Orion Pharma, and Teva; given an expert testimony to Janssen; and has received honoraria from Janssen, Lundbeck, Orion Pharma, Otsuka, and Teva; and received support for attending meetings and/or travel from Teva; all outside the submitted work. S.G. received compensation for serving as a consultant or speaker, or she or the institutions she works for have received research support from the companies or organizations indicated: Angelini, Gedeon Richter-Recordati, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck Italia, Medscape, Takeda, Rovi Boehringer Ingelheim, and Bristol Myers Squibb. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.