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Article History

Received: 31 August 2025

Accepted: 1 December 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Competing interests

: L.D., G.L., and P.L. declare no conflicts of interest.PA Gourraud is the founder of Methodomics (2008) and its spin-off Big data Santé (2018- “Octopize” brand). He consults for major pharmaceutical companies, and start-ups, all of which are handled through academic pipelines (AstraZeneca, Amgen, Biogen, Boston Scientific, Cemka, Cook, Docaposte/Heva, Edimark, Ellipses, Elsevier, Grunenthal, Hemovis, Janssen, IAGE, Lek, Methodomics, Merck, Mérieux, Novartis, Octopize, Sanofi-Genzyme, Lifen, TuneInsight, Aspire UAE). PA Gourraud is a volunteer board member at AXA not-for-profit mutual insurance company (2021). He has no prescription activity with either drugs or devices. He receives no wages from these activities.