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Article History

Received: 18 April 2024

Accepted: 19 September 2024

First Online: 1 October 2024

Competing interests

: In accordance with the University of Pennsylvania policies and procedures and our ethical obligations as researchers, we report that D.W. and ENA-V. are named on patents that describe the use of a nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine for norovirus. D.W. is also named on a patent that described the use of nucleoside-modified mRNA as a platform to deliver therapeutic proteins and vaccines. We have disclosed those interests fully to the University of Pennsylvania, and we have in place an approved plan for managing any potential conflicts arising from the licensing of our patents. L.C.L. and R.S.B. hold patents on norovirus vaccine design and have ongoing collaborations with GIVax, VaxArt, MERK and Takeda Vaccines, and HilleVax that are unrelated and do not pose conflicts of interest with this report. RSB is a member of the advisory committee for VaxArt, Takeda, and Invivyd. B.L.M. and Y.K.T. are employees of Acuitas Therapeutics, a company focused on the development of lipid nanoparticulate nucleic acid delivery systems for therapeutic applications. All other authors, C.M., N.A.O, E.K.R., P.D.B-J., X.M-L., H.S., J.A.M., I.B., M.L.M., M.R.Z., S.R.M., B.L.M., Y.K.T., and C.E.W. declare no completing interests.

: We worked to ensure sex balance in the selection of non-human subjects. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a gender minority in their field of research. We support the inclusive, diverse, and equitable conduct of scientific research. While citing references scientifically relevant to this work, we also actively worked to promote gender balance in our reference list.