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Article History

Received: 16 September 2024

Accepted: 2 December 2024

First Online: 23 December 2024

Competing interests

: E.J.A has consulted for Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, GSK, Janssen, Moderna, and Medscape, and his institution receives funds to conduct clinical research unrelated to this manuscript from MedImmune, Regeneron, PaxVax, Pfizer, GSK, Merck, Sanofi-Pasteur, Janssen, and Micron. He also serves on a safety monitoring board for Kentucky BioProcessing, Inc. and Sanofi Pasteur. He serves on a data adjudication board for WCG and ACI Clinical. His institution has also received funding from NIH to conduct clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines. He is now employed by Moderna and has stock/stock options. N.R. has consulted for EMMES, Moderna, Sanofi, Seqirus, GSK, and ICON and her institution receives funds to conduct clinical research unrelated to this manuscript from Pfizer, Sanofi, Quidel, Lilly, Merck, and Vaccine Company as well as NIH to conduct translational clinical studies and interventional clinical trials. C.A.R.’s institution has received funds to conduct clinical research unrelated to this manuscript from BioFire Inc, GSK, MedImmune, Micron, Janssen, Merck, Moderna, Novavax, PaxVax, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi-Pasteur. Her institution has received funding from NIH to conduct clinical trials of Moderna and Janssen COVID-19 vaccines. She is co-inventor on patented RSV vaccine technology, which has been licensed to Meissa Vaccines, Inc. with royalties received. I.Y. reported research funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and Gates Foundation; funding to her institution to conduct clinical research from Merck, Moderna, Pfizer outside the submitted work; honorarium for advisory board from Merck and Sanofi Pasteur. All other authors declare no competing interests.