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Article History

Received: 11 November 2024

Accepted: 17 May 2025

First Online: 11 August 2025

Competing interests

: All authors (except C.B.C., J.E.C., C.F.L. and K.M.E.) declare no financial or non-financial competing interests and no conflicts of interest related to the published work. C.B.C. received funding from Moderna, NIH, and CDC and is a consultant to TDCowen, Guidepoint Global, GSK, Sanofi, Merck, and Delbiopharm. He also serves as a member of Data and Safety Monitoring Boards for GSK and Bavarian Nordic and receives royalties from UpToDate. J.E.C. is a former member of the Scientific Advisory Boards of Gigagen (Grifols) and BTG International, has consulted for Moderna, is founder of IDBiologics and receives royalties from UpToDate. The laboratory of J.E.C. received unrelated sponsored research agreements from IDBiologics during the conduct of the study. Vanderbilt University has applied for a patent from unrelated work covering human monoclonal antibodies for pertussis. C.F.L. has funding from and is a consultant to HilleVax. He is also a member of a Data and Safety Monitoring Board of Merck. K.M.E. has funding from NIH and CDC and is a consultant for Bionet, Dynavax and IBM. She is also a member of the Data and Safety Monitoring Boards of Sanofi, X-4 Pharma, Seqirus, Moderna, Pfizer, Merck, Roche, Novavax, and Brighton Collaboration.