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Authors
Wu, Nelson R.
Beutler, Nathan
Hu, Xiaozhen
Skog, Patrick D.
Liguori, Alessia
Flores-Garcia, Yevel
Maiorino, Laura
Terada, Sierra
Lu, Danny
Lai, Yen-Chung
Ndihokubwayo, Justin
Schiffner, Torben
Cottrell, Christopher A.
Eskandarzadeh, Saman
Alavi, Nushin
Kubitz, Michael
Phelps, Nicole
Tingle, Ryan
Hodges, Sam
Youhanna, John E.
Amirzehni, Sonya
Irvine, Darrell J.
Himansu, Sunny
Zavala, Fidel
Rogers, Thomas F.
Burton, Dennis R.
Schief, William R.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-001763)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-001763)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-056202)
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Article History
Received: 19 March 2025
Accepted: 9 October 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Competing interests
: N.R.W. and W.R.S. are inventors on patent applications filed related to immunogens in this manuscript. X.H., S.H., and W.R.S. are employees and shareholders of Moderna, Inc. Author F.Z. serves as an Associate Editor of this journal and had no role in the peer-review or decision to publish this manuscript. Author F.Z. declares no financial competing interests.
