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Article History

Received: 17 June 2025

Accepted: 16 October 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Competing interests

: The A.G.-S. laboratory has received research support from GSK, Pfizer, Senhwa Biosciences, Kenall Manufacturing, Blade Therapeutics, Avimex, Johnson & Johnson, Dynavax, 7Hills Pharma, Pharmamar, ImmunityBio, Accurius, Nanocomposix, Hexamer, N-fold LLC, Model Medicines, Atea Pharma, Applied Biological Laboratories and Merck. A.G.-S. has consulting agreements for the following companies involving cash and/or stock: Castlevax, Amovir, Vivaldi Biosciences, Contrafect, 7Hills Pharma, Avimex, Pagoda, Accurius, Esperovax, Applied Biological Laboratories, Pharmamar, CureLab Oncology, CureLab Veterinary, Synairgen, Paratus, Pfizer, Virofend and Prosetta. A.G.-S. has been an invited speaker in meeting events organized by Seqirus, Janssen, Abbott, Astrazeneca and Novavax. A.G.-S. is inventor on patents and patent applications on the use of antivirals and vaccines for the treatment and prevention of virus infections and cancer, owned by the ISMMS, New York. ISMMS has filed patent application entitled “Recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing SARS-COV-2 spike protein and uses thereof” which names A.G.-S. and W.S. as co-inventors. A.G.-S. and W.S. serve on the scientific advisory board of CastleVax and are listed as co-founders of the company. The rest of the authors declare that they have no competing interests.