Ko, Kwang Hyun
Lee, Seung-Hwan
Choi, Young-Ho
Kang, Soon Myung
Yang, Hyun-Suk
Lee, So Min
Jo, Eun Bi
Bae, Hyun Shik
Hong, Seung-Beom
Kim, Dong-Ho
Cha, Seung Bin
Funding for this research was provided by:
Korea Drug Development Fund, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea (RS-2024-00337146)
Korea Drug Development Fund, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea (RS-2024-00337146)
Korea Drug Development Fund, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea (RS-2024-00337146)
Korea Drug Development Fund, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea (RS-2024-00337146)
Korea Drug Development Fund, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea (RS-2025-02213626)
Korea Drug Development Fund, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea (RS-2025-02213626)
Korea Drug Development Fund, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea (RS-2024-00337146)
Korea Drug Development Fund, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea (RS-2024-00337146)
Korea Drug Development Fund, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea (RS-2024-00337146)
Korea Drug Development Fund, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea (RS-2024-00337146)
Korea Drug Development Fund, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea (RS-2024-00337146)
Article History
Received: 9 July 2025
Accepted: 6 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Competing interests
: D.-H.K. is the Chief Executive Officer of NA Vaccine Institute. The remaining authors are employees of the institute. All authors declare that they have no competing interests.