Earnest, Linda
Ruiz, Daniel Fernandez
Edeling, Melissa A.
Montoya, Julio Carrera
Yap, Ashley Huey Yiing
Wong, Chinn Yi
Holz, Lauren E.
Gras, Stephanie
Collett, Simon
Cooney, James P.
Davidson, Kathryn C.
Grimley, Samantha L.
Purcell, Damian F. J.
Roberts, Jason
Mumford, Jamie
Tan, Chee Wah
Wang, Lin-Fa
Godfrey, Dale I.
Frieman, Matthew
Hans, Dhiraj
Vincan, Elizabeth
Anderson, Danielle E.
Subbarao, Kanta
Pellegrini, Marc
Mackenzie, Jason M.
Rockman, Steven
Heath, William R.
Torresi, Joseph
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Medical Research Future Fund (APP2013957)
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Medical Research Future Fund (APP2013957)
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Medical Research Future Fund (APP2013957)
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Medical Research Future Fund (APP2013957)
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Medical Research Future Fund (APP2013957)
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Medical Research Future Fund (APP2013957)
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Medical Research Future Fund (APP2013957)
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Medical Research Future Fund (APP2013957)
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Medical Research Future Fund (APP2013957)
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Medical Research Future Fund (APP2013957)
Singapore National Medical Research Council (STPRG-FY19-001, COVID19RF-003 and OFLCG19-May-0034)
Singapore National Medical Research Council (STPRG-FY19-001, COVID19RF-003 and OFLCG19-May-0034)
NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship (1117766)
NHMRC Investigator Grant (2008913)
NHMRC Ideas grant (APP1181580)
Article History
Received: 4 July 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 17 January 2026
Competing interests
: Two patents (PCT/AU2022/050844 and PCT/AU2022/050843) covering the SARS-CoV-2 VLP vaccines and the underlying technology described in this study have been submitted through The University of Melbourne, with D.I.G. and J.T. as co-inventors. C.W.T. and L.-F.W. are co-inventors of a patent on the surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) platform. S.R. is an employee of CSL Seqirus. The authors declare no competing interests.