Li, Xiao
Willem, Lander
Roberfroid, Dominique
Bilcke, Joke
Castanares Zapatero, Diego
De Meester, Christophe
Mao, Zhuxin
Thiry, Nancy
Beutels, Philippe
Funding for this research was provided by:
Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre
Universiteit Antwerpen (VAX-ID / VAXINAID-C2P)
Universiteit Antwerpen (VAX-ID / VAXINAID-C2P)
Universiteit Antwerpen (VAX-ID / VAXINAID-C2P)
Universiteit Antwerpen (VAX-ID / VAXINAID-C2P)
Universiteit Antwerpen (VAX-ID / VAXINAID-C2P)
Article History
Received: 7 October 2025
Accepted: 7 January 2026
First Online: 19 January 2026
Competing interests
: Outside the submitted work, P.B. declares no competing non-financial Interests but the following competing financial Interests: funding received by his institute from Merck for research on varicella-zoster and Pfizer for research on pneumococcal vaccine, but he has not received any personal fees or other personal benefits. XL declares no competing non-financial Interests but the following competing financial Interests: funding received by her institute from Icosavax, and from GSK for an educational symposium, as well as consultancy fees received from IQVIA Belgium, all unrelated to the submitted work. Other authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests.