Kiamba, Eunice W.
Ajiboye, Dolapo O.
Bashorun, Adedapo Olufemi
Jallow, Mamie Ndeban
Drammeh, Lamin
Bah, Samba
Jobarteh, Tijan
Kanu, Francis
Jawla, Ousubie
Lamin, Jobarteh
Segonds-Pichon, Anne
Holland, Martin J.
Goodier, Martin R.
Roetynck, Sophie
Clarke, Ed
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Doctoral Training fellowship (2018/2019)
Wellcome Institutional Strategic Support Fund (204928/Z/16/Z)
Wellcome Institutional Strategic Support Fund (204928/Z/16/Z)
Medical Research Council (UK) Wellcome Trust and UK Department for International Development (Grant ID MC_EX_MR/N006070/1)
Article History
Received: 19 November 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 21 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.