Levine, Kate S.
Blanc, Ross
Wang, Qixin
Malca, Hadar
Sekulovich, Rose
Jin, Hongfan
Liu, Sophie
Verhoeven, Carole
Sullivan, Brian
Smolenov, Igor
McNamara, Ryan P.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-080712)
Article History
Received: 31 October 2025
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 30 March 2026
Competing interests
: R.P.M. serves as a consultant to the International Vaccine Institute (IVI). R.S., H.J., S.L., C.V., B.S., and I.S. are full-time employees of Arcturus Therapeutics; the company developed the sa-mRNA ARCT-154 vaccine. The other authors do not have a competing interest.