Lines, Natalie E. P. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7751-1914
Li, Tian
Collett, Thomas E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-3140
Holloway, Philip
Nightingale, James W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8987-7401
Rojas, Karina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1391-6854
Verma, Aprajita
Walmsley, Mike https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6408-4181
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Science and Technology Facilities Council (2932662)
RCUK | Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/W507726/1)
RCUK | Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/X003086/1)
RCUK | Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/X00127X/1)
RCUK | Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/X002322/1)
University of Portsmouth
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (LensEra (945536))
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (LensEra (945536))
Royal Society
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (CRSII5 198674)
Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto
Article History
Received: 24 May 2025
Accepted: 20 June 2025
First Online: 18 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.