Lines, Natalie E. P. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7751-1914
Li, Tian
Collett, Thomas E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-3140
Holloway, Philip
Nightingale, James W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8987-7401
Rojas, Karina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1391-6854
Verma, Aprajita
Walmsley, Mike https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6408-4181
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Science and Technology Facilities Council (2932662, ST/W507726/1, ST/X003086/1, ST/X00127X/1, ST/X002322/1)
University of Portsmouth
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (LensEra (945536), LensEra (945536))
Royal Society
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (CRSII5 198674)
Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto
Article History
Received: 24 May 2025
Accepted: 20 June 2025
First Online: 18 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.