Nguyen, Ann N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-1991
Seifert, Laura B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6044-4226
Shimizu, Kei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2670-313X
Thomas-Keprta, Kathie
Le, Loan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-2431
Keller, Lindsay P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1560-2939
Clemett, Simon J.
Rahman, Zia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4923-767X
Barnes, Jessica J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7151-1014
Connolly, Harold C. Jr.
Lauretta, Dante S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2597-5950
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNM10AA11C)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNM10AA11C)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNM10AA11C)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNM10AA11C)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNM10AA11C)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNH09ZDA007O)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNM10AA11C)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNM10AA11C)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNM10AA11C)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNM10AA11C)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNM10AA11C)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNM10AA11C)
Article History
Received: 23 May 2025
Accepted: 17 September 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Change Date: 24 December 2025
Change Type: Update
Change Details: Since the version of the article initially published, the peer review statement has been updated to “<i>Nature Astronomy</i> thanks Kuljeet Marhas and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work” in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
Change Date: 18 February 2026
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-026-02811-y
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.