Zheng, Yumin https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4580-5247
Schupp, Jonas C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7714-8076
Adams, Taylor https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4280-9070
Clair, Geremy
Justet, Aurelien
Ahangari, Farida
Yan, Xiting
Hansen, Paul
Carlon, Marianne https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8263-0350
Cortesi, Emanuela
Vermant, Marie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8546-8638
Vos, Robin
De Sadeleer, Laurens J.
Rosas, Ivan O.
Pineda, Ricardo
Sembrat, John
Königshoff, Melanie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9414-5128
McDonough, John E.
Vanaudenaerde, Bart M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6435-6901
Wuyts, Wim A.
Kaminski, Naftali https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5917-4601
Ding, Jun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5183-6885
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PTJ-180505)
Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Société et Culture (295298; 295299)
Three Lakes Foundation; Meakins-Christie Chair in Respiratory Research
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SCHU3147/4-1)
U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-19-1-0131)
Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (EKFS 2021_EKEA.16; 2020_EKSP.78)
(Advanced) Clinician Scientist Program of Hannover Medical School funded by EKFS and the Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01HL148860-05, R01HL127349;R01HL141852; U01HL145567; R21HL161723;P01HL11450;)
Fondation du Souffle (Fds 2019-Ostinelli)
Three Lakes Foundation
Article History
Received: 28 November 2023
Accepted: 8 May 2025
First Online: 20 June 2025
Competing interests
: N.K. served as a consultant to Pliant, Astra Zeneca, Veracyte, Augmanity, CSL Behring, Splisense, Galapagos, Fibrogen, GSK and Merck over the past 3 years, reports Equity in Pliant and Thyron, and grants from Veracyte, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS and Astra Zeneca. The other authors declare no competing interests.