Ma, Chao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-1326
Wang, Huishu https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5966-1721
Liu, Lunan
Chen, Ruiqi
Mukherjee, Nandana
Tong, Jie
Kazmi, Shadab
Fang, Xiangyi
Witkowski, Matthew T.
Aifantis, Iannis
Ghassemi, Saba https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2415-3576
Chen, Weiqiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9469-8328
Funding for this research was provided by:
NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems (2103219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM133646)
Cancer Research Institute (CRI4018)
Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (6580-20)
American Society of Hematology
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (1K22CA258520-01)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA252239)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA228135)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA242020)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (O1CA266212)
Cancer League of Colorado (222549)
Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation for Childhood Cancer
St. Baldrick's Foundation
AABB | National Blood Foundation
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | Army Medical Command | Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-20-1-0417)
Article History
Received: 31 March 2023
Accepted: 12 May 2025
First Online: 1 July 2025
Competing interests
: I.A. is a consultant for Foresite Labs. M.T.W. has received royalties from the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for the development of venetoclax unrelated to the current paper. C.M. and W.C. are inventors (New York University) on a patent (20240198337) for bone marrow on a chip technology and a patent (20230032623) for tumour-on-a-chip technology. The other authors declare no competing interests.