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Article History

Received: 13 June 2024

Accepted: 17 June 2025

First Online: 13 August 2025

Competing interests

: Z.Z. is a co-founder and a scientific advisor for and holds equity in GenEditBio whose interest is reviewed and regulated by institutional Outside Practice policies annually. Z.Z. and M.Y. are inventors on a patent (WIPO Patent application no. WO2024230784A1, 2024) for GenomePAM technologies. B.P.K. is an inventor on patents or patent applications (WIPO Patent application no. WO2021151065A2, 2021) filed by MGB for HT-PAMDA technologies that describe genome engineering technologies and methods to characterize the PAM. B.P.K. consults for Novartis Venture Fund, Foresite Labs and Jumble Therapeutics, and is on the scientific advisory board of Acrigen Biosciences, Life Edit Therapeutics and Prime Medicine. B.P.K. has a financial interest in Prime Medicine, Inc., a company developing therapeutic CRISPR-Cas technologies for gene editing. B.P.K.’s interests were reviewed and are managed by MGH and MGB in accordance with their conflict-of-interest policies. S.Q.T. is a co-inventor on a patent (WIPO Patent application no. WO2015200378A1, 2015) for GUIDE-seq, and a member of the scientific advisory boards of Ensoma and Prime Medicine. B.W., L.I. and J.L. are employees of GenEditBio. The other authors declare no competing interests.