Merk, Timon
Köhler, Richard M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5219-1289
Brotons, Toni M.
Vossberg, Samed Rouven https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2701-5779
Peterson, Victoria
Lyra, Laura Freire
Vanhoecke, Jojo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9857-1519
Chikermane, Meera https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1800-1346
Binns, Thomas S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0657-0891
Li, Ningfei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3315-3591
Walton, Ashley
Neudorfer, Clemens
Bush, Alan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0407-5750
Sisterson, Nathan
Busch, Johannes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1280-5928
Lofredi, Roxanne
Habets, Jeroen
Huebl, Julius
Zhu, Guanyu
Yin, Zixiao
Zhao, Baotian
Merkl, Angela
Bajbouj, Malek
Krause, Patricia
Faust, Katharina
Schneider, Gerd-Helge
Horn, Andreas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0695-6025
Zhang, Jianguo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0009-0574
Kühn, Andrea A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4134-9060
Mark Richardson, R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2620-7387
Neumann, Wolf-Julian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6758-9708
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bundesministerium fr Bildung und Forschung (R01NS110424, R01NS110424)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (424778381, 424778381, R01NS110424, 424778381, 424778381, 424778381, 424778381, 424778381, 424778381, 424778381, R01NS110424)
U.S. Department of Health Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01 13478451, 1R01NS127892-01, UM1NS132358)
Deutsches Zentrum fr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DynaSti grant within the EU Joint Programme Neurodegenerative Disease Research, JPND). New Venture Fund
European Commission (101077060)
Article History
Received: 4 August 2023
Accepted: 25 June 2025
First Online: 24 September 2025
Competing interests
: R.M.R. has served as a consultant for NeuroPace. R.L. reports personal fees from Medtronic. A.A.K. reports personal fees from Medtronic and Boston Scientific. G.-H.S. reports personal fees from Medtronic, Boston Scientific and Abbott. W.-J.N. serves as consultant to InBrain and reports personal fees from Medtronic. A.H. reports lecture fees for Boston Scientific, is a consultant for Modulight.bio, was a consultant for FxNeuromodulation and Abbott in recent years and serves as a co-inventor on a patent granted to Charité University Medicine Berlin that covers multisymptom DBS fibre filtering and an automated DBS parameter suggestion algorithm unrelated to this work (patent LU103178). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.