Neidlinger, Peter https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9416-1498
El Nahhas, Omar S. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2542-2117
Muti, Hannah Sophie
Lenz, Tim
Hoffmeister, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8307-3197
Brenner, Hermann https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6129-1572
van Treeck, Marko
Langer, Rupert
Dislich, Bastian
Behrens, Hans Michael
Röcken, Christoph
Foersch, Sebastian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4740-6900
Truhn, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-0728
Marra, Antonio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-7824
Saldanha, Oliver Lester https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3594-7590
Kather, Jakob Nikolas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3730-5348
Article History
Received: 28 August 2024
Accepted: 22 August 2025
First Online: 1 October 2025
Competing interests
: J.N.K. declares consulting services for AstraZeneca, Bioptimus, Owkin, DoMore Diagnostics, Panakeia, AstraZeneca, Mindpeak and MultiplexDx. Furthermore, he holds shares in StratifAI, Synagen and Spira Labs, has received an institutional research grant by GSK and has received honoraria by AstraZeneca, Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Janssen, Merck, MSD, BMS, Roche, Pfizer and Fresenius. D.T. has received honoraria for lectures by Bayer and holds shares in StratifAI and Synagen. S.F. has received honoraria from MSD and BMS. R.L. declares consulting services and honoraria from MSD, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Astellas and Roche. A.M. has received honoraria as a consultant, advisor or speaker from Roche, Lilly and Menarini/Stemline, and has received support for accommodation and travel from AstraZeneca, all outside the submitted work. O.S.M.E.N. holds shares in StratifAI GmbH. The other authors declare no competing interests.