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Authors
Hughes, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-8659
Chen, Xing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3589-1750
Grill, Warren https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6588
Kozai, Takashi D. Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2507-3295
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (T32NS086749)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (U01 NS126052)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (R01 NS117405)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (R37 NS040894)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (R01NS105691)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (R01NS115707)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (R01NS129632)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (5F32MH130022-02)
University of Pittsburgh (N/A)
National Science Foundation (CAREER CBET 1943906)
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Article History
Received: 4 October 2023
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 15 January 2026
Competing interests
: X.C. is the co-founder and shareholder of Phosphoenix BV. Since the preparation of this Review, C.H. has become employed by Blackrock Neurotech, which has developed technology discussed herein. This employment did not influence the content or conclusions of the Review. T.D.Y.K. and W.G. declare no competing interests.
