Jalili, Sasan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5004-893X
Hosn, Ryan R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0818-8031
Ko, Wei-Che
Afshari, Khashayar
Dhinakaran, Ashok Kumar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-1284
Chaudhary, Namit
Maiorino, Laura
Haddadi, Nazgol-Sadat
Nathan, Anusha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4418-1005
Getz, Matthew A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4172-2187
Gaiha, Gaurav D.
Rashighi, Mehdi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9170-5887
Harris, John E.
Hammond, Paula T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9835-192X
Irvine, Darrell J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8637-1405
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01AI176310)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01AI176310)
Charles A. King Trust
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01AI176310)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (P30-CA1405)
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard
Article History
Received: 16 December 2024
Accepted: 16 January 2026
First Online: 2 March 2026
Competing interests
: S.J., P.T.H. and D.J.I. have submitted a patent application (no. PCT/US25/43105) filed by MIT related to the data presented in this work. M.R. is principal or co-investigator of studies sponsored by Pfizer, Biogen, AbbVie, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Abeona Therapeutics, Dermavant and Target RWE; and M.R. provides consulting for Pfizer, Biogen, Incyte, Takeda, Inzen, ROME Therapeutics, Almirall, Medicxi, Related Sciences and VisualDx. The other authors declare no competing interests.