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Authors
Son, Sungmin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7481-4056
Lyden, Amy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5909-9995
Ng, Carlos F.
Dextre, Andres https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8292-2816
Shu, Jeffrey https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9174-9302
Stephens, Stephanie I.
Fozouni, Parinaz
Knott, Gavin J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9007-6273
Smock, Dylan C. J.
Liu, Tina Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1297-7102
Boehm, Daniela
Simoneau, Camille
Kumar, G. Renuka
Doudna, Jennifer A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9161-999X
Ott, Melanie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5697-1274
Fletcher, Daniel A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-5364
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Article History
Received: 24 April 2025
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Competing interests
: S.S., D.A.F. and M.O. have filed a patent application related to this work. The Regents of the University of California have patents issued and pending for CRISPR technologies on which J.A.D. is an inventor. J.A.D. is a co-founder of Caribou Biosciences, Editas Medicine, Scribe Therapeutics, Intellia Therapeutics and Mammoth Biosciences. J.A.D. is a scientific advisory board member of Caribou Biosciences, Intellia Therapeutics, eFFECTOR Therapeutics, Scribe Therapeutics, Mammoth Biosciences, Synthego, Algen Biotechnologies, Felix Biosciences and Inari. J.A.D. is a director at Johnson & Johnson and has research projects sponsored by Biogen, Pfizer, Apple Tree Partners and Roche. M.O. and D.A.F are cofounders of DirectBio, Inc. M.O. and J.A.D. are on the scientific advisory board for Invisishield Technologies Ltd.
