Ren, Qiongzhe
Zhao, Xiaofei
Zhou, Lili
Ye, Ruonan
Chen, Liguo
Ren, Keyun
Piao, Xijun
Zhou, Yihan
Qi, Yiming https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0530-6661
Chan, Kevin C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3705-1835
Cao, Li
Du, Liang
Gao, Peng
Ying, Bo
Deng, Chao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7697-9874
Meng, Fenghua
Zhou, Fangfang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1870-7584
Xu, Congcong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0710-3750
Zhong, Zhiyuan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4175-4741
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (SBK20250405084)
Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52233007)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U25A20260)
Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology
Article History
Received: 3 March 2025
Accepted: 27 March 2026
First Online: 5 May 2026
Competing interests
: Z.Z., C.X., R.Y., Q.R. and F.M. have filed a provisional patent (China, CN202510375982.0) related to DTC-modified PEI for mRNA delivery, which is relevant to the mRNA delivery platform investigated in this study. K.R. is a co-founder of Catug Biotechnology Co., Ltd, and X.P. is an employee of Catug Biotechnology Co., Ltd, which is involved in the synthesis of mRNA used in this work. B.Y. is the founder of Suzhou Abogen Biosciences, and L.D. and P.G. are employees of Suzhou Abogen Biosciences. The other authors declare no competing interests.