Özkan, Alican https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3825-5899
Merry, Gwenn E.
Chou, David B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1659-9308
Posey, Ryan R.
Stejskalova, Anna https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4813-6452
Calderon, Karina
Sperry, Megan
Piatok, Joshua
Horvath, Viktor https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9957-1521
Ferri, Lorenzo E.
Carlotti, Emanuela
McDonald, Stuart A. C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2386-4915
Winton, Douglas J.
Ricciardi, Rocco
Bordeianou, Liliana
Hall, Sean
Goyal, Girija https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2163-2205
Ingber, Donald E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4319-6520
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cancer Research UK (C19767/A27145)
Cancer Research UK (C19767/A27145)
Cancer Research UK (C19767/A27145)
Cancer Research UK (C19767/A27145)
Cancer Research UK (C19767/A27145)
Cancer Research UK (C19767/A27145)
Cancer Research UK (C19767/A27145)
Cancer Research UK (C19767/A27145)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5T32DK007199-44)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (5T32EB016652-10)
Wyss Foundation (Technology Development Fellowship)
Article History
Received: 4 January 2025
Accepted: 15 April 2026
First Online: 21 May 2026
Competing interests
: D.E.I. holds equity in Emulate, chairs its scientific advisory board and is a member of its board of directors. The other authors declare no competing interests.