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Authors
Huang, Furong
Yuan, Fuwen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5764-2504
Li, Kexin
Cui, Ya https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1574-0928
Li, Lei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3924-2544
Ye, Wenbin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7811-2710
Cui, Zhifen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5223-930X
Yan, Jingyue
Chen, Qiang
Nicchitta, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7889-1155
Zhang, Yuebao https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7883-1937
Hankey, William
Everitt, Jeffrey https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-6284
Huang, Kai-Lieh
Wang, Mu-En https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5953-3499
Chen, Ming https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3470-1062
Huang, Jiaoti https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1195-1998
Wang, Hongyan
Wagner, Eric J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-383X
Lu, Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0284-6478
Dong, Yizhou https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5786-0659
Li, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9931-5990
Wang, Qianben https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-7145
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01 CA290720)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01 CA290720)
U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-20-1-0068)
U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-20-1-0068)
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Article History
Received: 15 April 2025
Accepted: 19 May 2026
First Online: 16 June 2026
Ethics declarations
: All human data analysed in this study were obtained from publicly available, de-identified datasets (dbGaP). Human specimens and de-identified human data used in this study included archival CRPC tissue slides and commercially obtained human melanoma tissue microarrays (TissueArray, ME1006). No new human participants were recruited and no identifiable private information was accessed. The secondary use of these data was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of California, Irvine (UCI IRB 431), and was determined to be in compliance with all relevant ethical regulations and data-use agreements.
: The research described in this manuscript is the subject of an issued patent (Q.W., W.L. and F.Y., US patent no. US 12,467,043 B2; date of patent, 11 November 2025) and a patent application (Q.W., US patent application no. 63/944,661; filing date, 19 December 2025) filed by Duke University. J.H. is a consultant for or owns shares in the following companies: Kingmed, MoreHealth, OptraScan, Genetron, Omnitura, Vetonco, York Biotechnology, Genecode, VIVA Biotech, and Sisu Pharma, and received grants from Zenith Epigenetics, BioXcel Therapeutics, Inc., and Fortis Therapeutics. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
