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Article History

Received: 7 July 2023

Accepted: 16 October 2024

First Online: 30 December 2024

Competing interests

: D.B. reports personal fees from NanoString and AstraZeneca and has a patent (PCT/GB2020/050221) issued on methods for cancer prognostication. M.A.B. has consulted for Achilles Therapeutics. M.J.-H. has received funding from CRUK, the National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer International Lung Cancer Foundation, the Lung Cancer Research Foundation, the Rosetrees Trust, the UK and Ireland Neuroendocrine Tumour Society and the NIHR. M.J.-H. has consulted for, and is a member of, the Achilles Therapeutics Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) and Steering Committee, has received speaker honoraria from Pfizer, Astex Pharmaceuticals, Oslo Cancer Cluster, Bristol Myers Squibb and Genentech. M.J.-H. is listed as a co-inventor on a European patent application relating to methods for the detection of lung cancer (PCT/US2017/028013). This patent has been licensed to commercial entities and, under the terms of their employment, M.J.-H. is due a share of any revenue generated from such license(s). M.J.-H. is also listed as a co-inventor on a GB priority patent application (GB2400424.4) with title ‘Treatment and prevention of lung cancer’. K.L. has a patent pending on indel burden and checkpoint inhibitor response, has received speaker fees from Roche Tissue Diagnostics and research funding from the CRUK Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories–Ono Pharmaceutical–LifeArc alliance and Genesis Therapeutics and has held consulting roles with Ellipses Pharma, Monopteros and Kynos Therapeutics. N.J.B. is listed as a co-inventor on a patent related to the identification of responders to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912), has submitted a patent application (PCT/GB2020/050221) on methods for cancer prognostication and has a patent on methods for predicting anti-cancer response (US14/466,208). N.M. has stock options in, and has consulted for, Achilles Therapeutics and holds a European patent in determining human leukocyte antigen (HLA) LOH (PCT/GB2018/052004), has a patent pending on determining HLA disruption (PCT/EP2023/059039) and is a co-inventor on a patent on the identification of responders to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912). N.K. acknowledges grants from AstraZeneca. C.S. acknowledges grants from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Roche VENTANA, Invitae (previously ArcherDX; a collaboration on minimal residual disease sequencing technologies), Ono Pharmaceutical and Personalis. He is Chief Investigator for the AZ MeRmaiD-1 and -2 clinical trials and is the Steering Committee Chair. He is also Co-Chief Investigator of the NHS Galleri Trial funded by GRAIL and a paid member of GRAIL’s SAB. He receives consultant fees from Achilles Therapeutics (and is also a SAB member), Bicycle Therapeutics (and is also a SAB member), Genentech, Medicxi, the China Innovation Centre of Roche (formerly the Roche Innovation Centre – Shanghai); Metabomed, until July 2022, Relay Therapeutics (and is also a SAB member), SAGA Diagnostics (and is also a SAB member) and the Sarah Cannon Research Institute. C.S. has received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Illumina, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer and Roche VENTANA. C.S. has previously held stock options in ApoGen Biotechnologies and GRAIL and currently has stock options in EPIC Bioscience, Bicycle Therapeutics, Relay Therapeutics and Achilles Therapeutics. C.S. is also a co-founder of Achilles Therapeutics. C.S. declares patents and patent applications relating to methods for the detection of lung cancer (PCT/US2017/028013), neoantigen targeting (PCT/EP2016/059401), the identification of patent response to immune checkpoint blockade (PCT/EP2016/071471), the identification of patients who respond to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912), the determination of HLA LOH (PCT/GB2018/052004), the prediction of survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221) and methods and systems for tumour monitoring (PCT/EP2022/077987). C.S. is an inventor on a European patent application (PCT/GB2017/053289) relating to assay technology to detect tumour recurrence. This patent has been licensed to a commercial entity and, under the terms of their employment, C.S. is due a share of any revenue generated from such license(s). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.