Lee, Young-Ho https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8441-5814
Saio, Tomohide https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3639-7399
Watabe, Mai
Matsusaki, Motonori https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7296-033X
Kanemura, Shingo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7012-8179
Lin, Yuxi
Mannen, Taro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7227-8509
Kuramochi, Tsubura
Kamada, Yuka
Iuchi, Katsuya
Tajiri, Michiko https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7017-7993
Suzuki, Kotono
Li, Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9043-6390
Heo, Yunseok
Ishii, Kotone
Arai, Kenta
Ban, Kazunori
Hashimoto, Mayuko
Oshita, Shuichiro https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5815-0902
Ninagawa, Satoshi
Hattori, Yoshikazu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0013-5584
Kumeta, Hiroyuki https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3713-2122
Takeuchi, Airu
Kajimoto, Shinji
Abe, Hiroya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8847-1581
Mori, Eiichiro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0945-196X
Muraoka, Takahiro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6744-048X
Nakabayashi, Takakazu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2942-2189
Akashi, Satoko
Okiyoneda, Tsukasa
Vendruscolo, Michele https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3616-1610
Inaba, Kenji
Okumura, Masaki https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8130-2470
Funding for this research was provided by:
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJFR201F)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJFR204W)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJFR2122)
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23KK0105)
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (22H04847)
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (24K09333)
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21K19236)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2022-NR069719)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (24gm1410006h9904)
Article History
Received: 30 September 2024
Accepted: 26 September 2025
First Online: 11 November 2025
Competing interests
: E.M. is a CEO of Molmir, Inc. The remaining authors declare no competing interests. A patent (Japanese Patent number NO. 7194403; PDIA6 droplet formation method) has been registered by M.O., M.M., S. Kanemura, T.S. and K. Inaba.