Mirza, Adrian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4033-4235
Alampara, Nawaf https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7697-7315
Kunchapu, Sreekanth https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5752-0154
Ríos-García, Martiño https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1507-4048
Emoekabu, Benedict https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1860-8132
Krishnan, Aswanth https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2703-5613
Gupta, Tanya https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9523-3290
Schilling-Wilhelmi, Mara https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4392-5918
Okereke, Macjonathan https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1013-0502
Aneesh, Anagha https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0275-2586
Asgari, Mehrdad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5427-1610
Eberhardt, Juliane https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3991-0704
Elahi, Amir Mohammad https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5907-101X
Elbeheiry, Hani M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5205-2852
Gil, María Victoria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2258-3011
Glaubitz, Christina
Greiner, Maximilian
Holick, Caroline T. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1724-2725
Hoffmann, Tim https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0230-6115
Ibrahim, Abdelrahman https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1460-4710
Klepsch, Lea C. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3849-1670
Köster, Yannik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9125-3067
Kreth, Fabian Alexander https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5968-8706
Meyer, Jakob
Miret, Santiago https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5121-3853
Peschel, Jan Matthias https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4787-2757
Ringleb, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7320-8529
Roesner, Nicole C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5133-775X
Schreiber, Johanna https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0991-8967
Schubert, Ulrich S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4978-4670
Stafast, Leanne M. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5604-261X
Wonanke, A. D. Dinga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9066-2715
Pieler, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9186-7045
Schwaller, Philippe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3046-6576
Jablonka, Kevin Maik https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4894-4660
Funding for this research was provided by:
Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung
Helmholtz Association
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (225147)
Fulbright Association
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (101106377)
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (CNS2022-135474)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (497115849, 497115849)
Article History
Received: 1 April 2024
Accepted: 26 March 2025
First Online: 20 May 2025
Competing interests
: K.M.J. has been a paid contractor for OpenAI (as part of the red teaming network). M.P. is an employee of Stability.AI, and A.M. and N.A. were paid contractors of Stability.AI. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.