Akay, Ömer https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9692-6577
Monfort-Castillo, Macià
St Francis, Theo https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3052-3485
Becker, Julian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1725-4114
Saravanabavan, Shaumica
Romero-Calvo, Álvaro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3369-8460
Brinkert, Katharina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3593-5047
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (50WM2150, 50WM2358)
European Space Agency (I-2020-00196)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC24K0645)
Article History
Received: 24 July 2024
Accepted: 30 June 2025
First Online: 18 August 2025
Competing interests
: The diamagnetic and MHD electrolysis technologies described in this article are covered by US patent 2023/0265573 A1 and US patent application 63/399784 issued by the University of Colorado Boulder and the Georgia Institute of Technology on behalf of Á.R.-C. The other authors declare no competing interests.