Sibug-Torres, Sarah May https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-4090
Niihori, Marika
Wyatt, Elle https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5372-8217
Arul, Rakesh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-2158
Spiesshofer, Nicolas https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8131-5230
Jones, Tabitha https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7864-2263
Graham, Duncan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6079-2105
de Nijs, Bart https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8234-723X
Scherman, Oren A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8032-7166
Rao, Reshma R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6655-3105
Ryan, Mary P.
Squires, Alexander https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6967-3690
Savory, Christopher N.
Scanlon, David O. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9174-8601
Daaoub, Abdalghani
Sangtarash, Sara
Sadeghi, Hatef https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5398-8620
Baumberg, Jeremy J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9606-9488
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/X037770/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/Y008162/1)
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (101212602)
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (883703)
Article History
Received: 16 September 2024
Accepted: 3 October 2025
First Online: 13 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interests: Cambridge Enterprise, Ltd has filed a patent application (WO2024199899A1, pending) on which J.J.B., S.M.S.-T., E.W., M.N. and R.A. are listed as inventors. The application covers surface-enhanced spectroscopy substrates and methods for their regeneration, encompassing aspects reported in this paper. The other authors declare no competing interests.