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Authors
Zhang, Xiyue https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3462-1548
Bai, Panxing
Pollard, Travis P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6240-5423
Ren, Xiaoming
Li, Zheng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5402-8947
Baek, Minsung
Cai, Guorui
Parke, Caitlin D.
Liu, Yijie
Xu, Wenhao
Li, Yue
Chen, Xilin
Albertus, Paul
Borodin, Oleg https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9428-5291
Wang, Chunsheng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8626-6381
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA-BAA-20-02)
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA-BAA-20-02)
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA-BAA-20-02)
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA-BAA-20-02)
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA-BAA-20-02)
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA-BAA-20-02)
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA-BAA-20-02)
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (89243322SEE000018)
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (89243322SEE000018)
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Article History
Received: 13 January 2025
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Competing interests
: A patent application related to this work has been filed. The applicant is University of Maryland, College Park, and the inventors are C.W., X.Z., P.B., M.B. and Jiale Xia. The application nos. are WO 2024/147838 and US63/382,495, and the application is currently under review. The patent application covers part of the primary battery electrolyte disclosed in this paper. The other authors declare no competing interests.
