Liu, Yu https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9558-9960
Fu, Hongbo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5542-9654
Zhang, Hongliang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1797-2311
Wang, Yunhang
Chakrabarty, Rajan K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-9937
Tu, Xiang
Tang, Xu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6274-2753
Laskin, Alexander https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-8417
Carmichael, Gregory R.
Chen, Jianmin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5859-3070
Francisco, Joseph S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5461-1486
Shindell, Drew T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1552-4715
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (22176038)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (91744205)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (21777025)
Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (22ZR1404700)
Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 18 March 2026
First Online: 4 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.