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Article History

Received: 11 June 2025

Accepted: 21 October 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Competing interests

: The study was approved the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (permit no. 2022-04276-01). The authors report competing interests: G.C. is a member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe (LCIE), of the French government–appointed Scientific Council for Wolf and Pastoralism and of the French government–appointed Scientific Council for the Lynx National Action Plan, and a member of the Bern Convention Group of Experts on Large Carnivores at the Council of Europe, all unpaid advisory roles. J.V.L.-B. is a member of the Canid Specialist Group of the IUCN SSC and a member of the Scientific Committee advising the Spanish Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, both unpaid advisory roles. J.T.B. is a member of the scientific advisory boards of Project Coyote and the International Wildlife Coexistence Council, both unpaid advisory roles, and is currently working in a paid capacity with Panthera, an international organization that advocates for wild felid conservation. The remaining author (Y.E.) declares no competing interests.