Tegally, Houriiyah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-8540
Dellicour, Simon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9558-1052
Poongavanan, Jenicca
Mavian, Carla https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3819-5520
Dor, Graeme https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9036-9933
Fonseca, Vagner https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5521-6448
Tagliamonte, Massimiliano S.
Dunaiski, Marcel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1957-3979
Moir, Monika
Wilkinson, Eduan
Campelo de Albuquerque, Carlos Frederico https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0581-5535
Frutuoso, Livia C. V.
Holmes, Edward C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9596-3552
Baxter, Cheryl
Lessells, Richard https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0926-710X
Kraemer, Moritz U. G.
Lourenço, José https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9318-2581
Alcantara, Luiz Carlos Junior
de Oliveira, Tulio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3027-5254
Giovanetti, Marta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5849-7326
,
de Oliveira, Tulio
Alcantara, Luiz C. J.
Holmes, Edward C.
Padane, Abdou
Musa, Abdualmoniem O. A.
Abera, Adugna
Campbell, Allan
Ssemaganda, Aloysious
Ahouidi, Ambroise
Muianga, Argentina F.
Samson, Aziza John
Onoja, Anyebe Bernard
Cissé, Badara
Alemu, Birhanu D.
Foka, Carlin
van Zyl, Daniel
de Castro Silva, Danilo
Martin, Darren
Moges, Desalew M.
Mavian, Carla
Kouma, Eninam
Simo, Fredy B. N.
Mwanyika, Gaspary
Godebo, Girma
D’or, Graeme
Omara, Isaac Emmanuel
Maror, James Ayei
Poonagavan, Jennica
Juma, John
Oludele, John
Xavier, Joicymara S.
Lourenço, José
Fokam, Joseph
Maeka, Kenneth K.
Singh, Lavanya
Chabuka, Lucious
Issaka, Maman
Hofstra, Marije
Giovanetti, Marta
Faye, Martin
Koffi, Melissa Ahou
Owusu, Michael
Dikongo, Michel N.
Alimohamed, Mohamed Z.
Bitew, Molalegne
Kraemer, Moritz U. G.
Sitharam, Nikita
Jerome, Nkurunziza
Mbhele, Nokuzola
Andry, Ny Haingo Miantsatian
Tomori, Oyewale
Magalutcheemee, Ramuth
Guimaraes, Ronison Alves
Oyola, Samuel
Abuelmaali, Sara A.
Mboup, Souleymane
Golubchik, Tanya
Fonseca, Vagner
Preiser, Wolfgang
Ramphal, Yajna
Funding for this research was provided by:
Novo Nordisk (NNF24OC0094346)
Novo Nordisk (NNF24OC0094346)
Novo Nordisk (NNF24OC0094346)
Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS (F.4515.22)
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (874850)
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (101094685)
Wellcome Trust (228186/Z/23/Z)
Rockefeller Foundation (HTH 017)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (101103171)
World Bank Group (TF0B8412)
Article History
Received: 25 June 2025
Accepted: 19 February 2026
First Online: 17 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.