Guizar-Coutiño, Alejandro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3509-9624
Nicholson, George https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9588-6075
Coomes, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8261-2582
Ferraro, Paul J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-5108
Swinfield, Tom https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9354-5090
Jones, Julia P. G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5199-3335
Funding for this research was provided by:
Oxford Martin School
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología México, CONACYT Frank Jackson Foundation through a grant to Wolfson College Tezos Foundation
Tezos Foundation
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
Article History
Received: 11 June 2025
Accepted: 15 March 2026
First Online: 7 May 2026
Competing interests
: T.S. and D.C. are involved in the Cambridge Centre for Carbon Credits (4C), a University of Cambridge project creating digital tools to build trust in deforestation avoidance projects. 4C has recently registered a charity under the name Canopy PACT. Neither 4C nor Canopy PACT has a financial interest in carbon credits. The other authors declare no competing interests.