Li, Tianpeng
He, Feifei
Shen, Tao
Yan, Dongsheng
Jin, Zuoming
Li, Bin
Wang, Peilin https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8635-0950
Zhang, Zhiguo
Li, Zhi
Pu, Yu
Deng, Liangliang
Qin, Lang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7439-225X
Li, Wenwu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-1566
Zhan, Yiqiang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8391-2555
Liu, Zhen
Fang, Qiyi
Yao, Yunxi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0814-6675
Liu, Yunqi
Zhao, Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4216-2150
Wang, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-3669
Liang, Jia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4352-1581
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52102219)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (22375051)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52203216)
Article History
Received: 11 May 2025
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Competing interests
: Z. Liu is the founder of Himalaya Energy Pty. Ltd., a company that is commercializing perovskite photovoltaics. The other authors declare no competing interests.