Peden, Jack https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4621-2238
Ryley, James
Terrones, Jeronimo
Smail, Fiona
Elliott, James A.
Windle, Alan
Boies, Adam https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2915-3273
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/Y026098/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UKRI:10043701)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UKRI:10043701)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M015211/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UKRI:10043701)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/Y026098/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M015211/1)
Article History
Received: 17 December 2024
Accepted: 29 October 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Competing interests
: J.P. was previously employed by, and A.B. has previously served as a consultant for, Q-Flo Limited, a commercial entity with an interest in FCCVD technology succeeding. All other authors declare no competing interests.