Wang, Mengru https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1864-2207
Fei, Chengbin
Wang, Haoliang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5515-2250
Liu, He
Zhang, Bo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0484-6359
Gu, Hangyu
Guo, Huanxin
Li, Mingze
Shi, Xiaoqiang
Huang, Jinsong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0509-8778
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-EE0009520)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | ONR | Office of Naval Research Global (N6833522C0122)
UNC | Research Opportunities Initiative, University of North Carolina
Article History
Received: 16 October 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 23 March 2026
Competing interests
: J.H. is founder of Perotech Inc. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.