Wang, Xi https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4602-9581
Luo, Ran
Li, Nengxu
Li, Jia
Wang, Tao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1943-7830
Steele, Julian A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7982-4413
Solano, Eduardo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2348-2271
Zhu, Zihao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7793-3026
Yin, Xinxing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5756-1541
Chen, Jinxi
Unnikrishnakurup, Sreedhar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6186-7562
Ngo, Andrew
Wang, Yuduan
Hu, Jingcong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8550-8986
Jia, Zhenrong
Dong, Zijing https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2874-5652
Shi, Zhuojie
Du, Xinyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5284-928X
Niu, Xiuxiu
Funding for this research was provided by:
Agency for Science, Technology and Research (M23M6c0108)
NUS IT' s Research Computing group under grant number NUSREC-HPC-00001
Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (DE230100173)
Article History
Received: 21 October 2025
Accepted: 23 February 2026
First Online: 7 May 2026
Competing interests
: Y.H. is the founder of Singfilm Solar, a company commercializing perovskite photovoltaics. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.