Lee, Seungmin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3388-2893
Jang, Yeoun-Woo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3432-8456
Cho, Hyeonah
Lim, Jihoo
Xie, Jiahao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8306-2973
Hong, Hyojin https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1160-6248
Han, Woocheol
Oh, Oui Jin
Kim, Dong Hyun
Kang, Dong Hun
Cho, Wonjin
Mun, Hyun Jung
Shin, Tae Joo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1438-3298
Yun, Jae Sung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1882-7052
Davies-Jones, Josh
Davies, Philip R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4394-766X
Yan, Yanfa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3977-5789
Choi, Mansoo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3198-6899
Noh, Jun Hong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1143-5822
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-00208467)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2025-02316700)
National Research Foundation of Korea (2021R1A6A3A13046255)
Ministry of Knowledge Economy | Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (20214000000680)
Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (No. KS2522-30)
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Korea | Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (20016588)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-05CH11231 and BES-ERCAP0032847)
Article History
Received: 22 May 2025
Accepted: 3 March 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Competing interests
: J.H.N., S.L., D.H. Kim, H.H., W.H., O.J.O. and Y.-W.J. are inventors on a Korean patent application related to the technology reported in this work (Korean patent application no. 10-2025-0098833). The other authors declare no competing interests.